Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a major haplogroup among non-Africans, along with M. It is a descendant of L3.

It is defined by transitions (towards CRS!) at sites 8701, 9540, 10398, 10873 and 15301.

Phylogeny under N:Edit

(Per PhyloTree 2010)

• N1'5 [1]
  • N1 (in West Eurasia and South Asia, includes I)
  • N5 (in South Asia, makes up 25% of the Saharia tribals of Madhya Pr.)
• N2 [1]
  • N2a (documented in one Tuscan - Achilli 2007, 2 Mansi - Pimenoff 2008, one Ket mentioned here, one Indian - Palanichamy 2004, West Asian and European' in an FTDNA project')
  • W (in West Eurasia and South Asia. Very rare in Madhya Pradesh tribals.)

• N3 (West Asia: Iran, Marsh Arabs - reported extra-officially)
• N8 (South China)
• N9 (East Asia from Mongolia to Japan. '[2]
  • N9a (East Asia and SE Asia, e.g. Laos)
  • N9b (in East Asia)
  • Y (in East Asia)
• N10 (Southeast China) [4]
• N11 (South China) [4]
• N13 (among Australian Aborigines)
• N14 (among Australian Aborigines)
• N21 (in SE Asia: centered around Cambodia, Indonesia, Cham - a derived form concentrates in West Malaysia - Min-Sheng Peng 2010) [2] [3]
• N22 (Maly, Laos, SE Asia) [2]
• A (in NE and Central Asia. A2, a subclade of A4, to America. A5b to Laos) [2]
  • A3'4'7'9'11
  • A5 (East Asia, A5b Hmong Mien and SE Asia)
  • A8 (Volga Tatars, Ainu)
  • A10 (Tibet, Volga Tatars) [5]
• O (among Australian Aborigines)
  • O1
• S (among Australian Aborigines)
  • S1
  • S2
  • S3'4'5
• X [1]
  • X1'2'3 (X1 in West Asia and NE Africa, X2 in West Eurasia, Central Asia, and amoung some Native North Americans. X2 makes up 7% of Sahariya tribals of Madhya Pradesh)
  • X4 (?)
• R (a major widespread subclade. Interestingly R is the only N-derived haplogroup present in the islands between Australia/New Guinea and the Eurasian mainland. The nearest are N22 in the Malay and up to Laos, and N21 in Thailand, Cambodia, Sumatra and Laos. If we concede that R may have coalesced in Wallacea we would then have continuity of haplogroups between the two regions.)

References:

1)

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032546

2)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3050724/

3)

http://mitotool.org/lab/pdf/MBE2010%20Peng-Cham%20paper.pdf

4)

http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/513.full

5)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623602

General references:

http://www.phylotree.org/tree/main.htm

http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)